Gettysburg National Military Park ⓘ

Gettysburg National Military Park’s museum collection consists of approximately 1.2 million artifacts, manuscripts, and works of art that document the Battle of Gettysburg, the American Civil War, and the development of Gettysburg National Military Park. The collections consist of four primary components: archival documents, archeological materials, historical artifacts, and works of art.

Archival and archeological materials are the largest volume part of the collection. Archival collections include photographs, books, and documents (including government archival and resource management records). Archeological materials consist of artifacts uncovered during compliance testing for park property improvements and historical landscape survey projects. Historical artifacts are primarily military objects dating from the middle of the 19th century – ranging from arms and munitions to insignia and personal equipment. Their focus is primarily on the Battle of Gettysburg, but these also document the greater Civil War experience beyond Gettysburg. The largest single source portion of history collection is the Rosensteel Family Collection, acquired by the National Park Service in December 1971 from the Rosensteel family of Gettysburg.

Art holdings include paintings (the largest being the 1885 Gettysburg Cyclorama painting by French artist Paul Dominique Philippoteaux), drawings, sculpture, and folk art. The collection also contains a limited number of historic structure and landscape elements preserved from historic structures and monuments currently or once on the battlefield. The park’s museum collections support a multitude of interpretive and resource stewardship operations across the park.

The park’s primary philanthropic partner, Gettysburg Foundation, owns and manages the artifact collections from the Civil War Museum of Philadelphia (formerly the collection of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States), supplementing the park’s Civil War collections. Artifacts from both collections are exhibited in the Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center, the David Wills House, and selected parks and museums nationwide. The museum collection grows primarily through the accumulation of archival and archeological material generated by the National Park Service through its daily management of the battlefield itself. The historic and fine art sections of the collection grow primarily through donations by members of the general public, Gettysburg Foundation, and other public supporters.

Preserving the historic archival and museum collections at Gettysburg National Military Park is a multi-faceted task. From passive protection (like maintaining optimal temperature and humidity levels in both museum exhibits and storage), to regulating light levels for artifacts while on exhibit, to actively stabilizing or restoring historical artifacts, archival and museum collection preservation projects ensure the continuing enjoyment and study of the park’s historical documents and artifacts. Here you will find more information on efforts being undertaken by the park – sometimes with generous support from its philanthropic partners – to preserve historical collections.

The primary focus of the park Library and Research Center is to manage the park's collection of books and records relative to the American Civil War, the Gettysburg Campaign, dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, and the development, interpretation, and administration of Gettysburg National Military Park. Our holdings include bound volumes, vertical files, manuscripts, photographs, maps, microfilm and audio-visual materials as well as some rare first edition regimental histories, campaign studies, and memoirs. The library is a historic reference facility and study center for the use of park staff in research, planning and writing park programs, providing information that will enhance the interpretation of the battlefield and National Cemetery.

The Office of Museum Services is responsible for the care and preservation of the park's collection of original historic objects associated with the Battle of Gettysburg and the Soldiers' National Cemetery. These objects, which comprise the park's museum collection, consist of three-dimensional items related to the Civil War, the battle of Gettysburg, and the post-war commemoration of the battle. The Park Archives are also in the Office of Museum Services, composed of original Civil War manuscripts such as diaries, letters, and selected unit records, manuscripts, photos, and maps relative to the development and history of Gettysburg National Military Park. (Most of the Civil War and battle related paper items have been copied for the research collection in the park library.) The Office of Museum Services also has responsibility for the care and maintenance of the exhibits in the Museum and Visitor Center and at the Wills House.

Confederate Monuments Statement Gettysburg National Military Park preserves, protects, and interprets one of the best marked battlefields in the world. There are 1,328 monuments, memorials, markers, and plaques on the battlefield that commemorate and memorialize the men who fought and died during the Battle of Gettysburg and continue to reflect how that battle has been remembered by different generations of Americans. Roughly a quarter of these memorials honor southern states whose men served in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. These memorials, erected predominantly in the early and mid-20th century, are an important part of the cultural landscape. Across the country, the National Park Service maintains and interprets monuments, markers, and plaques that commemorate and memorialize those who fought during the Civil War. These memorials represent an important, if controversial, chapter in our Nation’s history. The National Park Service is committed to preserving these memorials while simultaneously educating visitors holistically about the actions, motivations, and causes of the soldiers and states they commemorate. A hallmark of American progress is our ability to learn from our history. Many commemorative works, including monuments and markers, were specifically authorized by Congress. In other cases, a monument may have preceded the establishment of a park, and thus could be considered a protected park resource and value. In either of these situations, legislation could be required to remove the monument, and the NPS may need to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and the National Environmental Policy Act before removing a statue/memorial. Still other monuments, while lacking legislative authorization, may have existed in parks long enough to qualify as historic features. A key aspect of their historical interest is that they reflect the knowledge, attitudes, and tastes of the people who designed and placed them. Unless directed by legislation, it is the policy of the National Park Service that these works and their inscriptions will not be altered, relocated, obscured, or removed, even when they are deemed inaccurate or incompatible with prevailing present-day values. The Director of the National Park Service may make an exception to this policy. The NPS will continue to provide historical context and interpretation for all of our sites and monuments in order to reflect a fuller view of past events and the values under which they occurred.

Confederate Flags Statement In a June 25, 2015 statement, then National Park Service Director Jonathan B. Jarvis said, “We strive to tell the complete story of America. All sales items in parks are evaluated based on educational value and their connection to the park. Any stand-alone depictions of Confederate flags have no place in park stores.” Jarvis said the murders of nine church members at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, which is near Fort Sumter National Monument, galvanized a national discussion that includes symbols and relics from our nation’s past such as the Confederate Battle Flag. “As that discussion spread across the country,” Jarvis said, “one of our largest cooperating associations, Eastern National, began to voluntarily remove from the park stores that it manages any items that depict a Confederate flag as its primary feature. I’ve asked other cooperating associations, partners and concession providers to withdraw from sale items that solely depict a Confederate flag.” This affected 11 out of 2,600 items in the bookstore at Gettysburg National Military Park’s Museum and Visitor Center. In the telling of the historical story, Confederate flags have a place in books, exhibits, reenactments, and interpretive programs. Books, DVDs, and other educational and interpretive media where the Confederate flag image is depicted in its historical context may remain as sales items as long as the image cannot be physically detached. Confederate flags include the Stainless Banner, the Third National Confederate Flag, and the Confederate Battle Flag.

The mission of the United States National Park Service involves, among other things, the preservation of historical lands and resources and the interpretation of historical stories to wide and diverse audiences. But this sort of mission is by no means unique to the United States. All over the world, different organizations, both public and private, share the same resolve to maintain, restore, and exhibit the cultural resources that their various home countries have to offer, from the Pyramids of Egypt to the Taj Mahal of India. In fact, part of the National Park Service’s activities includes collaboration and partnerships with such organizations to allow for improved mutual understanding of the best preservation and interpretation methods available.

One such partnership is that with the Sekigahara Battlefield, located in Gifu Prefecture in central Japan. There, in 1600 the Eastern Army of the “Great Unifier” Tokugawa Ieyasu crushed his last great rival in the waning days of Japan’s protracted period of civil war known as the Sengoku Jidai, thus setting the stage for centuries of relative peace. Since 2016, Gettysburg Borough has maintained a sister city relationship with the town of Sekigahara, and Gettysburg National Military Park has maintained a similar sister relationship with the Gifu Sekigahara Battlefield Memorial Museum . Representatives from Sekigahara have visited us here at Gettysburg, and representatives of our park visited Sekigahara for the World Battlefield Summit. We have also exchanged gifts. Gettysburg has given Sekigahara a cavalry saber, and a pair of Civil War uniforms; and they, in turn, have given us a print by noted artist Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, a suit of reproduction samurai armor, and a reproduction of a six-panel folding screen. We encourage all visitors to learn more about the significance of such momentous historical events from different countries and cultures for a more holistic and informed view about our shared human heritage. Please follow the links below for more details about the Sekigahara Timeline , Battle of Sekigahara, and the events leading up to it.

Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds (k), Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday, Maj. Gen. John Newton Escort: Company L, 1st Maine Cavalry- Capt. Constantine Taylor

19th Indiana Infantry- Col. Samuel J. Williams 24th Michigan Infantry- Col. Henry A. Morrow (w), Capt. Albert M. Edwards 2nd Wisconsin Infantry- Col. Lucius Fairchild (w), Maj. John Mansfield (w), Capt. George H. Otis 6th Wisconsin Infantry- Lt. Col. Rufus R. Dawes 7th Wisconsin Infantry- Col. William W. Robinson, Maj. Mark Finnicum

7th Indiana Infantry- Col. Ira G. Grover 76th New York Infantry- Maj. Andrew J. Grover (k), Capt. John E. Cook 84th New York Infantry (14th Militia)- Col. Edward B. Fowler 95th New York Infantry- Col. George H. Biddle(w), Maj. Edward Pye 147th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Francis C. Miller (w), Maj. George Harney 56th Pennsylvania Infantry (9 cos.)- Col. J. William Hoffman

Brig. General Gabriel R. Paul (w), Col. Samuel H. Leonard (w), Col. Adrian R. Root (w), Col. Richard Coulter ( w), Col. Peter Lyle

16th Maine Infantry- Col. Charles W. Tilden, Maj. Archibald D Leavitt, ( Report by Lt. Col. Augustus Farnham ) 13th Massachusetts Infantry- Col. Samuel H. Leonard, Lt. Col. N. Walter Batchelder 94th New York Infantry- Col. Adrian R. Root, Maj. Samuel A. Moffett 104th New York Infantry- Col. Gilbert G. Prey 107th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. James M. MacThomson (w), Capt. Emanuel D. Roath

12th Massachusetts Infantry- Col. James L. Bates (w), Lt. Col. David Allen, Jr. 83rd New York Infantry (9th Militia)- Lt. Col. Joseph A. Moesch 97th New York Infantry- Col. Charles Wheelock (w/c), Maj. Charles Northrup 11th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Richard Coulter , Capt. Benjamin F. Haines (w), Capt. John B. Overmyer 88th Pennsylvania Infantry- Maj. Benezet F. Foust (w), Capt. Edmund A. Mass (c), Capt. Henry Whiteside 90th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Peter Lyle, Maj. Alfred J. Sellers (MOH)

80th New York Infantry (20th Militia)- Col. Theodore B. Gates 121st Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Chapman Biddle, Maj. Alexander Biddle 142nd Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Robert P. Cummins (mw), Lt. Col. A. B. McCalmont 151st Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. George F. McFarland (w), Capt. Walter F. Owens, Col. Harrison Allen

143rd Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Edmund L. Dana, Lt. Col. John D. Musser 149th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. Walton Dwight (w), Capt. James Glenn 150th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Langhorne Wister (w), Lt. Col. Henry S. Huidekoper (w), Capt. Cornelius C. Widdis

12th Vermont Infantry- Col. Asa Blunt 13th Vermont Infantry- Col. Francis V. Randall, Maj. Joseph J. Boynton, Lt. Col. William D. Munson (w) 14th Vermont Infantry- Col. William T. Nichols 15th Vermont Infantry- Col. Redfield Proctor 16th Vermont Infantry- Col. Wheelock G. Veazey (MOH)

2nd Battery (B), Maine Light Artillery- Capt. James A. Hall 5th Battery (E), Maine Light Artillery- Capt. Greenleaf T. Stevens (w), Lt. Edward N. Whittier Batteries B and L, 1st New York Light Artillery- Capt. Gilbert H. Reynolds (w), Lt. George Breck Battery B, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery- Capt. James H. Cooper Battery B, 4th United States Artillery, Battery B- Lt. James Stewart

Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock (w), Brig. Gen. John Gibbon (w) Escort: Co's D and K, 6th New York Cavalry- Capt. Riley Johnson

5th New Hampshire Infantry- Lt. Col. Charles E. Hapgood 61st New York Infantry- Col. K. Oscar Broady 81st Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. Amos Stroh 148th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. H. Boyd McKeen, Lt. Col. Robert McFarlane

28th Massachusetts Infantry- Col. Richard Byrnes 63rd New York Infantry (2 cos.)- Lt. Col. Richard C. Bentley (w), Capt. Thomas Touhy 69th New York Infantry (2 cos.)- Capt. Richard Moroney (w), Lt. James J. Smith 88th New York Infantry (2 cos.)- Capt. Denis F. Burke 116th Pennsylvania Infantry (4 cos.)- Maj. St. Clair A. Mulholland

52nd New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Charles G. Freudenberg (w), Maj. Edward Venuit (k), Capt. William Scherrer 57th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Alford B. Chapman 66th New York Infantry- Col. Orlando H. Morris (w), Lt. Col. John S. Hammell (w), Maj. Peter Nelson 140th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Richard P. Roberts (k), Lt. Col. John Fraser

27th Connecticut Infantry (2 cos.)- Lt. Col. Henry C. Merwin (k) , Maj. James H. Coburn 2nd Delaware Infantry- Col. William P. Bailey, Capt. Charles H. Christman 64th New York Infantry- Col. Daniel G. Bingham (w), Maj. Leman W. Bradley 53rd Pennsylvania Infantry - Lt. Col. Richard McMichael 145th Pennsylvania Infantry (7 cos.)- Col. Hiram L. Brown (w), Capt. John W. Reynolds (w), Capt. Moses W. Oliver

19th Maine Infantry- Col. Francis E. Heath (w), Lt. Col. Henry W. Cunningham 15th Massachusetts Infantry- Col. George H. Ward (mw), Lt. Col. George C. Joslin 1st Minnesota Infantry- Col. William C. Colvill, Jr., Capt. Nathan S. Messick (k), Capt. Henry C. Coates 82nd New York Infantry (2nd Militia)- Lt. Col. James Huston (k), Capt. John Darrow

69th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Dennis O'Kane (mw), Capt. William Davis 71st Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Richard Penn Smith 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. De Witt C. Baxter (s), Lt. Col. Theodore Hesser 106th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. William L. Curry

59th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Max A. Thoman (mw), Capt. William McFadden 19th Massachusetts Infantry- Col. Arthur F. Devereaux 20th Massachusetts Infantry- Col. Paul J. Revere (mw), Lt. Col. George N. Macy (w), Capt. Henry L. Abbott 7th Michigan Infantry- Lt. Col. Amos E. Steele, Jr. (k), Maj. Sylvanus W. Curtis 42nd New York Infantry- Col. James E. Mallon

14th Indiana Infantry- Col. John Coons 4th Ohio Infantry- Lt. Col. Leonard W. Carpenter 8th Ohio Infantry-Lt. Col. Franklin Sawyer 7th West Virginia Infantry- Lt. Col. Jonathan H. Lockwood

14th Connecticut Infantry - Maj. Theodore G. Ellis 1st Delaware Infantry- Lt. Col. Edward P. Harris, Capt. Thomas B. Hizar (w), Lieut. William Smith (k), Lt. John D. Dent 12th New Jersey Infantry- Maj. John T. Hill 10th New York Battalion- Maj. George F. Hopper 108th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Francis E. Pierce

39th New York Infantry (4 cos.)- Maj. Hugo Hildebrandt 111th New York Infantry- Col. Clinton D. MacDougall (w), Lt. Col. Isaac M. Lusk (w), Capt. Aaron B. Seeley 125th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Levin Crandall 126th New York Infantry- Col. Eliakim Sherrill, Lt. Col. James L. Bull

Battery G, 1st New York Light Artillery and 14th New York Battery- Capt. James K. Rorty (k), Lt. Albert S. Sheldon (w), Lt. Robert E. Rogers Battery A, 1st Rhode Island Artillery- Capt. William A. Arnold Battery B, 1st Rhode Island Artillery- Lt. T. Fred Brown Battery I, 1st United States Artillery- Lt. George A. Woodruff (mw), Lieut. Tully McCrea Battery A, 4th United States Artillery- Lt. Alonzo H. Cushing (k), Sgt. Frederick Fuger

57th Pennsylvania Infantry (8 cos.)- Col. Peter Sides (w), Capt. Alanson H. Nelson 63rd Pennsylvania Infantry- Maj. John A. Danks 68th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Andrew H. Tippin, Capt. Milton S. Davis 105th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Calvin A. Craig 114th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. Frederick F. Cavada (w), Capt. Edward R. Bowen 141st Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Henry J. Madill

20th Indiana Infantry- Col. John Wheeler (mw) , Lt. Col. William C. L. Taylor 3rd MaineInfantry - Col. Moses B. Lakeman 4th Maine (Col. Elijah Walker (), Capt. Edward Libby 86th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Benjamin L. Higgins 124th New York Infantry- Col. Van Horne Ellis (k), Lt. Col. Francis L. Cummins 99th Pennsylvania Infantry- Maj. John W. Moore 1st United States Sharpshooters- Col. Hiram Berdan, Lt. Col. Casper Trepp 2nd United States Sharpshooters (8 cos.)- Maj. Homer R. Stoughton

17th Maine Infantry -Lt. Col. Charles B. Merrill 3rd Michigan Infantry- Col. Byron R. Pierce(w); Lt. Col. Edward S. Pierce 5th Michigan Infantry- Lt. Col. John Pulford (w) 40th New York Infantry- Col. Thomas W. Egan (w) 110th Pennsylvania (6 cos.)- Lt. Col. David M. Jones (w), Maj. Isaac Rogers

1st Massachusetts Infantry- Lt. Col. Clark B. Baldwin 11th Massachusetts Infantry- Lt. Col. Porter D. Tripp 16th Massachusetts Infantry- Lt. Col. Waldo Merriam (w), Capt. Matthew Donovan 12th New Hampshire Infantry- Capt. John F. Langley 11th New Jersey Infantry- Col. Robert McAllister (w), Capt. Luther Martin (k), Capt. William H. Lloyd (w), Capt. Samuel T. Sleeper, Lt. John Schoonover (w) 26th Pennsylvania Infantry-Maj. Robert L. Bodine 84th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. Milton Opp (Train guard, not present at Gettysburg)

70th New York Infantry- Col. J. Egbert Farnum 71st New York Infantry- Col. Henry L. Potter (w) 72nd New York Infantry- Col. John S. Austin (w), Lt. Col. John Leonard 73rd New York Infantry- Maj. Michael W. Burns 74th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Thomas Holt 120th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Cornelius D. Westbrook (w), Maj. John R. Tappen

2nd New Hampshire Infantry- Col. Edward L. Bailey (w) 5th New Jersey Infantry- Col. William J. Sewell (w), Capt. Thomas C. Godfrey, Capt. Henry H. Woolsey (w) 6th New Jersey Infantry- Lt. Col. Stephen R. Gilkyson 7th New Jersey Infantry- Col. Louis R. Francine (mw), Maj. Fred Cooper 8th New Jersey Infantry- Col. John Ramsey (w), Capt. John G. Langston 115th Pennsylvania Infantry- Maj. John P. Dunne

2nd Battery B, 1st New Jersey Light Artillery- Capt. A. Judson Clark, Lt. Robert Sims Battery D, 1st New York Light Artillery- Capt. George B. Winslow 4th New York Independent Battery- Capt. James E. Smith Battery E, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery- Lt. John K. Bucklyn (w), Lt. Benjamin Freeborn (w) Battery K, 4th United States Artillery- Lt. Francis W. Seeley (w), Lt. Robert James

18th Massachusetts Infantry -Col. Joseph Hayes 22nd MassachusettsInfantry- Lt. Col. Thomas Sherwin, Jr. 1st Michigan Infantry- Col. Ira C. Abbott (w), Lt. Col. William A. Throop 118th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. James Gwyn

9th Massachusetts Infantry- Col. Patrick R. Guiney 32nd Massachusetts Infantry- Col. George L. Prescott 4th Michigan Infantry- Col. Harrison H. Jeffords (mw), Lt. Col. George W. Lumbard 62nd Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. James C. Hull

20th Maine Infantry- Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain 16th Michigan Infantry- Lt. Col. Norval E. Welch 44th New York Infantry- Col. James C. Rice, Lt. Col. Freeman Conner 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry- Capt. Orpeus S. Woodward

3rd United States Infantry (6 cos.)- Capt. Henry W. Freedley (w) , Capt. Richard G. Lay 4th United States Infantry (4 cos.)- Capt. Julius W. Adams, Jr. 6th United States Infantry (5 cos.)- Capt. Levi C. Bootes 12th United States Infantry (8 cos.)- Capt. Thomas S. Dunn 14th United States Infantry (8 cos.)- Maj. Grotius R. Giddings

2nd United States Infantry (6 cos.)- Maj. Arthur T. Lee (w), Capt. Samuel A. McKee 7th United States Infantry (4 cos.)- Capt. David P. Hancock 10th United States Infantry (3 cos.)- Capt. William Clinton 11th United States Infantry (6 cos.)- Maj. DeLancey Floyd-Jones 17th United States Infantry (7 cos.)- Lt. Col. J. Durell Greene

140th New York Infantry- Col. Patrick O'Rorke(k), Lt. Col. Louis Ernst 146th New York Infantry- Col. Kenner Garrard, Lt. Col. David T. Jenkins 91st Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. Joseph H. Sinex 155th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. John H. Cain

1st Pennsylvania Reserves (9 cos.)- Col. William C. Talley 2nd Pennsylvania Reserves- Lt. Col. George A. Woodward 6th Pennsylvania Reserves- Lt. Col. Wellington H. Ent 13th Pennsylvania Reserves- Col. Charles F. Taylor (k), Maj. William R. Hartshorne

5th Pennsylvania Reserves- Lt. Col. George Dare 9th Pennsylvania Reserves- Lt. James McK. Snodgrass 10th Pennsylvania Reserves- Col. Adoniram J. Warner 11th Pennsylvania Reserves- Col. Samuel M. Jackson 12th Pennsylvania Reserves (9 cos.)- Col. Martin D. Hardin

Battery C, 3rd Massachusetts Light Artillery- Lt. Aaron F. Walcott Battery C, 1st New York Light Artillery- Capt. Almont Barnes Battery L, 1st Ohio Light Artillery- Capt. Frank C. Gibbs Battery D, 5th United States Artillery- Lt. Charles E. Hazlett (k), Lieut. Benjamin F. Rittenhouse Battery I, 5th United States Artillery- Lt. Malbone F. Watson (w), Lt. Charles C. MacConnell

1st New Jersey Infantry- Lt. Col. William Henry, Jr. 2nd New Jersey Infantry- Lt. Col. Charles Wiebecke 4th New Jersey Infantry (7 cos.)- Maj. Charles Ewing (Train guard, not present at Gettysburg) 3rd New Jersey Infantry- Col. Henry W. Brown 15th New Jersey Infantry- Col. William H. Penrose

5th Maine Infantry- Col. Clark S. Edwards 121st New York Infantry- Col. Emory Upton 95th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. Edward Carroll 96th Pennsylvania Infantry- Maj. William H. Lessig

6th Maine Infantry- Col. Hiram Burnham 49th Pennsylvania Infantry (4 cos.) - Lt. Col. Thomas L. Hulings 119th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Peter S. Ellmaker 5th Wisconsin Infantry- Col. Thomas S. Allen

2nd Vermont Infantry- Col. James H. Walbridge 3rd Vermont Infantry- Col. Thomas O. Seaver 4th Vermont Infantry- Col. Charles B. Stoughton 5th Vermont Infantry- Lt. Col. John R. Lewis 6th Vermont Infantry- Col. Elisha L. Barney

7th Maine Infantry (6 cos.)- Lt. Col. Selden Connor 33rd New York Infantry (detach.) - Capt. Henry J. Gifford 43rd New York Infantry- Lt. Col. John Wilson 49th New York Infantry- Col. Daniel D. Bidwell 77th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Winsor B. French 61st Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. George F. Smith

65th New York Infantry- Col. Joseph E. Hamblin 67th New York Infantry- Col. Nelson Cross 122nd New York Infantry- Col. Silas Titus 23rd Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. John F. Glenn 82nd Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Isaac C. Bassett

7th Massachusetts Infantry- Lt. Col. Franklin P. Harrow 10th Massachusetts Infantry- Lt. Col. Joseph B. Parsons 37th Massachusetts Infantry- Col. Oliver Edwards 2nd Rhode Island Infantry- Col. Horatio Rogers, Jr.

62nd New York Infantry- Col. David J. Nevin 93rd Pennsylvania Infantry- Maj. John I. Nevin 98th Pennsylvania Infantry- Maj. John B. Kohler 139th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Fredrick H. Collier

Battery A, 1st Massachusetts Light Artillery- Capt. William H. McCartney 1st New York Independent Battery- Capt. Andrew Cowan 3rd New York Independent Battery- Capt. William A. Harn Battery C, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery-Capt. Richard Waterman Battery G, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery- Capt. George A. Adams Battery D, 2nd United States Artillery-Lt. Edward B. Williston Battery G, 2nd United States Artillery- Lt. John H. Butler Battery F, 5th United States Artillery- Lt. Leonard Martin

41st New York Infantry (9 cos.)- Lt. Col. Detleo Von Einsiedal 54th New York Infantry- Maj. Stephen Kovacs (c), Lt. Ernst Both 68th New York Infantry- Col. Gotthilf Bourry 153rd Pennsylvania Infantry- Maj. John F. Frueauff

17th Connecticut Infantry- Lt. Col. Douglas Fowler (k), Maj. Allen G. Brady 25th Ohio Infantry- Lt. Col. Jeremiah Williams (c), Capt. Nathaniel J. Manning (w), Lt. William Maloney, Lt. Israel White 75th Ohio Infantry- Col. Andrew L. Harris, Capt. George B. Fox 107th Ohio Infantry- Col. Seraphim Meyer, Capt. John M. Lutz

134th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Allan H. Jackson 154th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Daniel B. Allen 27th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. Lorenz Cantador 73rd Pennsylvania Infantry- Capt. Daniel F. Kelley

33rd Massachusetts Infantry- Col. Adin B. Underwood 136th New York Infantry- Col. James Wood, Jr. 55th Ohio Infantry- Col. Charles B. Gambee 73rd Ohio Infantry- Lt. Col. Richard Long

82nd Illinois Infantry- Col. Edward S. Salomon 45th New YorkInfantry- Col. George Von Amsberg, Lt. Col. Adophus Dobke 157th New York Infantry- Col. Philip P. Brown, Jr. 61st Ohio Infantry- Col. Stephen J. McGroarty 74th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Adolph Von Hartung, Lt. Col. Alexander von Mitzel (w), Capt. Gustav Schleiter, Capt. Henry Krauseneck

58th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. August Otto (w), Capt. Emil Koenig 119th New York Infantry- Col. John T. Lockman (w), Lt. Col. Edward F. Lloyd 82nd Ohio Infantry- Col. James S. Robinson (w), Lt. Col. David Thomson 75th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. Francis Mahler (mw), Major August Ledig 26th Wisconsin Infantry- Lt. Col. Hans Boebel (w), Capt. John W. Fuchs

Battery I, 1st New York Light Artillery- Capt. Michael Weidrich 13th New York Independent Battery- Lieut. William Wheeler Battery I, 1st Ohio Light Artillery- Capt. Hubert Dilger Battery K, 1st Ohio Light Artillery- Capt. Lewis Heckman Battery G, 4th United States Artillery- Lt. Bayard Wilkeson (mw), Lt. Eugene A. Bancroft

5th Connecticut Infantry- Col. Warren W. Packer 20th Connecticut Infantry- Lt. Col. William B. Wooster 3rd Maryland Infantry- Col. Joseph M. Sudsburg 123rd New York Infantry- Lt. Col. James C. Rogers, Capt. Adolphus H. Tanner 145th New York Infantry- Col. Edward J. Price 46th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. James L. Selfridge

1st Maryland Infantry, Potomac Home Brigade- Col. William P. Maulsby 1st Maryland Infantry, Eastern Shore- Col. James Wallace 150th New York Infantry- Col. John H. Ketcham

27th Indiana Infantry- Col. Silas Colgrove, Lt. Col. John R. Fesler 2nd Massachusetts Infantry- Lt. Col. Charles R. Mudge (k), Maj. Charles F. Morse 13th New Jersey Infantry- Col. Ezra A. Carman 107th New York Infantry- Col. Nirom M. Crane 3rd Wisconsin Infantry- Col. William Hawley

5th Ohio Infantry- Col. John H. Patrick 7th Ohio Infantry- Col. William R. Creighton 29th Ohio Infantry- Capt. Wilbur F. Stevens (w), Capt. Edward Hayes 66th Ohio Infantry- Lieut. Col. Eugene Powell 28th Pennsylvania Infantry- Capt. John H. Flynn 147th Pennsylvania Infantry (8 cos.)- Lt. Col. Ario Pardee, Jr.

29th Pennsylvania Infantry- Col. William Rickards, Jr. 109th Pennsylvania Infantry- Capt. Frederick L. Gimber 111th Pennsylvania Infantry- Lt. Col. Thomas L. Walker, Col. George A. Cobham, Jr.

60th New York Infantry- Col. Abel Godard 78th New York Infantry- Lt. Col. Herbert Von Hammerstein 102nd New York Infantry- Col. James C. Lane (w), Capt. Lewis R. Stegman 137th New York Infantry- Col. David Ireland 149th New York Infantry- Col. Henry A. Barnum, Lt. Col. Charles B. Randall (w), Capt. Nicholas Grumbach

Battery M, 1st New York Light Artillery- Lt. Charles E. Winegar Battery E, Independent Pennsylvania Light Artillery- Lt. Charles A. Atwell Battery F, 4th United States Artillery- Lt. Sylvanus T. Rugg Battery K, 5th United States Artillery-Lt. David H. Kinzie

8th Illinois Cavalry- Maj. John L. Beveridge 12th Illinois Cavalry (6 cos.)- Col. George H. Chapman 3rd Indiana Cavalry (6 cos.)- Col. George H. Chapman 8th New York Cavalry- Lt. Col. William L. Markell

6th New York Cavalry- Maj. William E. Beardsley 9th New York Cavalry- Col. William Sackett 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry- Col. Josiah H. Kellogg 3rd West Virginia Cavalry (2 cos.)- Capt. Seymour B. Conger

Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry- Maj. James H. Haseltine 1st United States Cavalry- Capt. Richard S. C. Lord 2nd United States Cavalry- Capt. Theophilus F. Rodenbough 5th United States Cavalry- Capt. Julius W. Mason 6th United States Cavalry- Maj. Samuel H. Starr (w), Lt. Louis H. Carpenter, Lt. Nicholas Nolan, Capt. Ira W. Claflin

1st Maryland Cavalry (11 cos.)- Lt. Col. James M. Deems Purnell (Maryland) Legion Co. (A) (Capt. Robert E. Duvall 1st Massachusetts Cavalry- Lieut. Col. Greely S. Curtis 1st New Jersey Cavalry- Maj. Myron H. Beaumont 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry- Col. John P. Taylor 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry- Lt. Col. Edward S. Jones Battery H (One Section), 3rd Pennsylvania Artillery- Capt. William D. Rank

2nd New York Cavalry- Lt. Col. Otto Harhaus 4th New York Cavalry- Lt. Col. Augustus Pruyn 6th Ohio Cavalry ( 10 cos.)- Maj. William Stedman 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry- Capt. William Corrie

Col. J. Irvin Gregg 1st Maine Cavalry (10 cos.)- Lt. Col. Charles H. Smith 10th New York Cavalry- Maj. M. Henry Avery 4th Pennsylvania Cavalry- Lt. Col. William E. Doster 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry- Lt. Col. John K. Robinson

5th New York Cavalry- Maj. John Hammond 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry- Lt. Col. William P. Brinton 1st Vermont Cavalry- Lt. Col. Addison W. Preston 1st West Virginia Cavalry (10 cos.)- Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond, Maj. Charles E. Capehart

1st Michigan Cavalry- Col. Charles H. Town 5th Michigan Cavalry- Col. Russell A. Alger 6th Michigan Cavalry- Col. George Gray 7th Michigan Cavalry (10 cos.)- Col. William D. Mann

9th Michigan Battery- Capt. Jabez J. Daniels 6th New York Independent Battery- Capt. Joseph W. Martin Batteries B & L, 2nd United States Artillery- Lt. Edward Heaton Battery M, 2nd United States Artillery- Lt. A. C. M. Pennington, Jr. Battery E, 4th United States Artillery- Lt. Samuel S. Elder

Batteries E & G, 1st United States Artillery- Capt. Alanson M. Randol Battery K, 1st United States Artillery- Capt. William M. Graham Battery A, 2nd United States Artillery- Lt. John H. Calef

Battery H, 1st United States Artillery- Lt. Chandler P. Eakin Batteries F & K, 3rd United States Artillery- Lt. John G. Turnbull Battery C, 4th United States Artillery- Lt. Evan Thomas Battery C, 5th United States Artillery- Lt. Gulian V. Weir (w)

5th Battery, Massachusetts Light Artillery- Capt. Charles A. Phillips 9th Battery, Massachusetts Light Artillery- Capt. John Bigelow 15th New York Independent Battery- Capt. Patrick Hart Batteries C & F, Pennsylvania Independent Light Artillery- Capt. James Thompson

2nd Connecticut Battery- Capt. John W. Sterling 5th New York Independent Battery- Capt. Elijah D. Taft

1st Battery, New Hampshire Light Artillery- Capt. Frederick M. Edgell Battery H, 1st Ohio Light Artillery- Lt. George W. Norton Batteries F & G, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery- Capt. R. Bruce Ricketts Battery C, 1st West Virginia Light Artillery- Capt. Wallace Hill

6th Battery (F), Maine Light Artillery- -Lt. Edwin B. Dow Battery A, 1st Maryland Light Artillery- Capt. James H. Rigby Battery A, 1st New Jersey Light Artillery- Lt. Agustin N. Parsons Battery G, 1st New York Light Artillery- Capt. Nelson Ames Battery K, 1st New York Light Artillery and 11th New York Independent Battery - Capt. Robert H. Fitzhugh

Chief of Staff: Major Gen. Daniel Butterfield (w) Chief of Engineers: Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren (w) Chief of Artillery: Brig. Gen. Henry Hunt Asst. Adjutant General: Brig. Gen. Seth Williams Chief Quartermaster: Brig. Gen. Rufus Ingalls Medical Director: Dr. Jonathon Letterman Chief Signal Officer: Capt. Lemuel B. Norton Chief Ordnance Officer: Lt. John R. Edie Provost Marshal: Brig. Gen. Marsena Patrick

93rd New York Infantry- Col. John S. Crocker 8th United States Infantry (8 cos.)- Capt. Edwin W.H. Read 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry- Col. R. Butler Price 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry (Co's E and I)- Capt. Emlen N. Carpenter, Capt. James Starr

HQ Guard: Co. C, 32nd Massachusetts Infantry- Capt. Josiah C. Fuller HQ Escort: Oneida (NY) Cavalry- Capt. Daniel P. Mann Engineer Brigade: Brig. Gen. Henry W. Benham

15th New York Engineers- Maj. Walter L. Cassin 50th New York Engineers- Col. William H. Pettes

Chief of Staff, Inspector General: Col. Robert H. Chilton Chief of Artillery: Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton Medical Director: Dr. Lafayette Guild Chief of Ordnance: Lt. Col. Briscoe G. Baldwin Chief of Commissary: Lt. Col. Robert G. Cole Chief Quartermaster: Lt. Col. James L. Corley Judge Advocate General: Maj. Henry E. Young Military Secretary, Acting Asst. Chief of Artillery: Col. Armistead L. Long Aide de Camp, Asst. Adjutant General: Lt. Col. Walter H. Taylor Aide de Camp, Asst. Military Secretary: Maj. Charles Marshall Aide de camp, Asst. Inspector General: Maj. Charles S. Venable Engineer Officer: Capt. Samuel R. Johnston

2nd South Carolina Infantry- Col. John D. Kennedy (w), Lt. Col. F. Gaillard 3rd South Carolina Infantry- Col. J. D. Nance , Maj. Robert C. Maffett 7th South Carolina Infantry- Col. D. Wyatt Aiken 8th South Carolina Infantry- Col. John W. Henagan 15th South Carolina Infantry- Col. William DeSaussure (k), Maj. William M. Gist 3rd South Carolina Infantry Battalion- Lt. Col. William G. Rice

10th Georgia Infantry- Col. John B. Weems 50th Georgia Infantry- Lt. Col. Francis Kearse (mw), Maj. Peter A.S. McClashan 51st Georgia Infantry- Col. Edward Ball 53rd Georgia Infantry- Col. James P. Simms

13th Mississippi Infantry- Col. John W. Carter (k) 17th Mississippi Infantry- Col. William D. Holder (w), Lt. Col. John C. Fiser (w) 18th Mississippi Infantry- Col. Thomas M. Griffin(w), Lt. Col. William H. Luse (c) 21st Mississippi Infantry- Col. Benjamin G. Humphreys

Brig. Gen. William T. Wofford 16th Georgia Infantry- Col. Goode Bryan 18th Georgia Infantry- Lieut. Col. Solon Z. Ruff 24th Georgia Infantry- Col. Robert McMillin Cobb's (Georgia) Legion Infantry- Lt. Col. Luther J. Glenn Phillips' (Georgia) Legion Infantry- Lt. Col. Elihu S. Barclay

Battery A, 1st North Carolina Artillery- Capt. Basil C. Manly Pulaski (Georgia) Artillery- Capt. John C. Fraser (mw), Lt. William J. Furlong 1st Richmond Howitzers- Capt. Edward S. McCarthy Troup (Georgia) Artillery - Capt. Henry H. Carlton (w), Lt. Columbus W. Motes

8th Virginia Infantry- Col. Eppa Hunton (w) 18th Virginia Infantry- Lt. Col. Henry A. Carrington 19th Virginia Infantry- Col. Henry Gantt (w), Lt. Col. John T. Ellis (mw) 28th Virginia Infantry- Col. Robert C. Allen (k), Lt. Col. William Watts 56th Virginia Infantry- Col. William D. Stuart (mw), Lt. Col. Philip P. Slaughter

1st Virginia Infantry- Col. Lewis B. Williams (k), Lt. Col. Frederick G. Skinner 3rd Virginia Infantry- Col. Joseph Mayo, Jr., Lt. Col. Alexander D. Callcote (k) 7th Virginia Infantry- Col. Waller T. Patton (mw), Lt. Col. Charles C. Flowerree 11th Virginia Infantry- Maj. Kirkwood Otey (w) 24th Virginia Infantry- Col. William R. Terry

9th Virginia Infantry- Maj. John C. Owens (mw) 14th Virginia Infantry- Col. James G. Hodges (k), Lt. Col. William White 38th Virginia Infantry- Col. Edward C. Edmonds (k), Lt. Col. Powhatan B. Whittle (w) 53rd Virginia Infantry- Col. William R. Aylett (w), Lt. Col. Rawley W. Martin (w/c) 57th Virginia Infantry- Col. John Bowie Magruder (mw/c)

Fauquier (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Robert M. Stribling Hampden (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. William H. Caskie Richmond Fayette Artillery- Capt. Miles C. Macon Lynchburg (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Joseph G. Blount

4th Alabama Infantry- Col. Lawrence H. Scruggs 15th Alabama Infantry- Col. William C. Oates , Capt. Blanton A. Hill 44th Alabama Infantry- Col. William F. Perry 47th Alabama Infantry- Col. James W. Jackson, Lt. Col. J. M. Bulger (w/c), Maj. James M. Campbell 48th Alabama Infantry- Col. James L. Sheffield , Capt. T. J. Eubanks

3rd Arkansas Infantry- Col. Van H. Manning (w), Lt. Col. Robert S. Taylor 1st Texas Infantry- Col. Phillip A. Work 4th Texas Infantry- Col. John C. G. Key (w), Maj. John P. Bane 5th Texas Infantry- Col. Robert M. Powell (w/c), Lt. Col. King Bryan (w), Maj. Jefferson C. Rogers

7th Georgia Infantry- Col. William W. White 8th Georgia Infantry- Col. John R. Towers 9th Georgia Infantry- Lt. Col. John C. Mounger (k), Maj. William M. Jones, Capt. George Hillyer 11th Georgia Infantry- Col. Francis H. Little (w), Lt. Col. William Luffman (w), Maj. Henry D. McDaniel (w), Capt. William H. Mitchell 59th Georgia Infantry- Col. William "Jack" Brown (w/c), Maj. Bolivar H. Gee (w), Capt. M. G. Bass

2nd Georgia Infantry- Lt. Col. William T. Harris (k), Maj. William S. Shepherd 15th Georgia Infantry- Col. Dudley M. DuBose 17th Georgia Infantry- Col. Wesley C. Hodges 20th Georgia Infantry- Col. John A. Jones (k), Col. James D. Waddell

Branch (North Carolina) Artillery- Capt. Alexander C. Latham German (South Carolina) Artillery- Capt. William K. Bachman Palmetto (South Carolina) Light Artillery- Capt. Hugh R. Garden Rowan (North Carolina) Artillery- Capt. James Reilly

Ashland (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Pichegru Woolfolk, Jr. (w), Lt. James Woolfolk Bedford (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Tyler C. Jordan Brooks (South Carolina) Artillery- Lt. S. C. Gilbert Madison (Louisiana) Artillery- Capt. George V. Moody Virginia (Richmond) Battery- Capt. William W. Parke Virginia (Bath) Battery- Capt. Osmond B. Taylor

1st Company- Capt. Charles W. Squires 2nd Company- Capt. John B. Richardson 3rd Company- Capt. Merritt B. Miller 4th Company- Capt. Joe Norcom (w), Lt. Henry A. Battles

5th Louisiana Infantry- Maj. Alexander Hart (w), Capt. Thomas H. Biscoe 6th Louisiana Infantry- Lt. Col. Joseph Hanlon 7th Louisiana Infantry- Col. Davidson B. Penn 8th Louisiana Infantry- Col. Trevanion D. Lewis, Lt. Col. Alcibiades DeBlanc (w), Maj. German A. Lester 9th Louisiana Infantry- Col. Leroy A. Stafford

31st Virginia Infantry- Col. John S. Hoffman 49th Virginia Infantry- Lt. Col. J. Catlett Gibson 52nd Virginia Infantry- Lt. Col. James H. Skinner

6th North Carolina Infantry- Maj. Samuel McD. Tate 21st North Carolina Infantry- Col. William W. Kirkland 57th North Carolina Infantry- Col. Archibald C. Godwin

13th Georgia Infantry- Col. James L. Smith 26th Georgia Infantry- Col. Edmund N. Atkinson 31st Georgia Infantry- Col. Clement A. Evans 38th Georgia Infantry- Capt. William L. McLeod 60th Georgia Infantry- Capt. Waters B. Jones 61st Georgia Infantry- Col. John H. Lamar

Charlottesville (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. James McD. Carrington Courtney (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. William A. Tanner Louisiana Guard Artillery- Capt. Charles A. Green Staunton (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Asher W. Garber

32nd North Carolina Infantry- Col. Edmund C. Brabble 43rd North Carolina Infantry- Col. Thomas S. Kenan (w/c), Lt. Col. William G. Lewis 45th North Carolina Infantry- Lt. Col. Samuel H. Boyd (c), Maj. John R. Winston (w/c), Capt. A. H. Gallaway (w), Capt. James A. Hopkins 53rd North Carolina Infantry- Col. William A. Owens 2nd North Carolina Infantry Battalion- Lt. Col. Hezekiah L. Andrews (w), Capt. Van Brown

5th North Carolina Infantry- Capt. Speight B. West, Capt. Benjamin Robinson 12th North Carolina Infantry- Lt. Col. William S. Davis 20th North Carolina Infantry- Lt. Col. Nelson Slough (w), Capt. Lewis T. Hicks 23rd North Carolina Infantry- Col. Daniel H. Christie (mw), Capt. William H. Johnston

4th Georgia Infantry- Lt. Col. David R. E. Winn (k), Maj. William H. Willis 12th Georgia Infantry- Col. Edward Willis 21st Georgia Infantry- Col. John T. Mercer 44th Georgia Infantry- Col. Samuel P. Lumpkin (mw/c), Maj. William H. Peebles

2nd North Carolina Infantry - Maj. Daniel W. Hurt (W), Capt. James T. Scales 4th North Carolina Infantry- Col. Bryan Grimes 14th North Carolina Infantry- Col. R. Tyler Bennett (w), Maj. Joseph H. Lambeth 30th North Carolina Infantry- Col. Francis M. Parker (w), Maj. W. W. Sillers

3rd Alabama Infantry- Col. Cullen A. Battle 5th Alabama Infantry- Col. Josephus M. Hall , Maj. Eugene Blackford 6th Alabama Infantry- Col. James N. Lightfoot (w), Capt. M. L. Bowie 12th Alabama Infantry- Col. Samuel B. Pickens 26th Alabama Infantry- Lt. Col. John C. Goodgame

Jeff Davis (Alabama) Artillery- Capt. William J. Reese King William (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. William P. Carter Morris (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Richard C. M. Page Orange (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Charles W. Fry

1st Maryland Infantry Battalion (2nd MD Infantry, CSA)- Lt. Col. James R. Herbert (w), Maj. William W. Goldsborough (w), Capt. James P. Crane 1st North Carolina Infantry- Lt. Col. Hamilton Allen Brown 3rd North Carolina Infantry- Maj. William M. Parsley 10th Virginia Infantry- Col. Edward T. H. Warren 23rd Virginia Infantry- Lt. Col. Simeon T. Walton 37th Virginia Infantry- Maj. Henry C. Wood

1st Louisiana Infantry- Col. Michael Nolan 2nd Louisiana Infantry- Lt. Col. Ross E. Burke 10th Louisiana Infantry- Maj. Thomas N. Powell 14th Louisiana Infantry- Lt. Col. David Zable 15th Louisiana Infantry- Maj. Andrew Brady

2nd Virginia Infantry- Col. John Q.A. Nadenbousch 4th Virginia Infantry- Maj. William Terry 5th Virginia Infantry- Col. John H. S. Funk 27th Virginia Infantry- Lt. Col. Daniel M. Shriver 33rd Virginia Infantry- Capt. Jacob B. Golladay

21st Virginia Infantry- Capt. William P. Moseley 25th Virginia Infantry- Col. John C. Higginbotham (w), Lt. Col. J. A. Robinson (absent) 42nd Virginia Infantry- Col. Robert Withers, Capt. Samuel H. Saunders, Capt. Jesse Richardson 44th Virginia Infantry- Maj. Norval Cobb (w), Capt. Thomas R. Buckner 48th Virginia Infantry- Lt. Col. Robert H. Dungan, Maj. Oscar White 50th Virginia Infantry- Lt. Col. Logan H. N. Salyer

1st Maryland Battery- Capt. William F. Dement Alleghany (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. John C. Carpenter Chesapeake (Maryland) Artillery- Capt. William D. Brown Lee (Virginia) Battery- Capt. Charles I. Raine (mw), Lt. William M. Hardwicke

2nd Richmond (Virginia) Howitzers- Capt. David Watson 3rd Richmond (Virginia) Howitzers- Capt. Benjamin H. Smith, Jr. Powhatan (Virginia) Artillery- Lt. John M. Cunningham Rockbridge (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Archibald Graham Salem (Virginia) Artillery- Lt. Charles B. Griffin

Amherst (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Thomas J. Kirkpatrick Fluvanna (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. John L. Massie Georgia Battery- Capt. John Milledge, Jr.

8th Alabama Infantry- Lt. Col. Hilary A. Herbert 9th Alabama Infantry- Capt. J. Horace King (w) 10th Alabama Infantry- Col. William H. Forney (w/c), Lt. Col. James E. Shelley 11th Alabama Infantry- Col. John C. C. Sanders (w), Lt. Col. George E. Tayloe 14th Alabama Infantry- Col. Lucius Pinckard (w/c), Lt. Col. James A. Broome

3rd Georgia Infantry- Col. Edward J. Walker 22nd Georgia Infantry- Col. Joseph A. Wasden (k), Capt. Benjamin C. McCurry 48th Georgia Infantry- Col. William Gibson (w/c), Capt. Matthew R. Hall 2nd Georgia Infantry Battalion- Maj. George W. Ross (mw), Capt. Charles J. Moffett

6th Virginia Infantry- Col. George T. Rogers 12th Virginia Infantry- Col. David A. Weisiger 16th Virginia Infantry- Col. Joseph H. Ham 41st Virginia Infantry- Col. William A. Parham 61st Virginia Infantry- Col. Virginius D. Groner

2nd Florida Infantry- Maj. Walter R. Moore 5th Florida Infantry- Capt. Richmond N. Gardner 8th Florida Infantry- Lt. Col. William Baya

12th Mississippi Infantry- Col. Walter H. Taylor 16th Mississippi Infantry- Col. Samuel E. Baker 19th Mississippi Infantry- Col. Nathaniel H. Harris 48th Mississippi Infantry- Col. Joseph M. Jayne

Company A - Capt. Hugh M. Ross Company B - Capt. George M. Patterson Company C - Capt. John T. Wingfield

11th North Carolina Infantry- Col. Collett Leventhorpe (w/c), Maj. Egbert Ross (k) 26th North Carolina Infantry- Col. Henry K. Burgwyn (k), Lt. Col. John Lane (w), Maj. John J. Jones (w), Capt. Henry C. Albright 47th North Carolina Infantry- Col. George H. Faribault (w), Lt. Col. John A. Graves (w/c). Maj. Archibald Crudup (w/c) 52nd North Carolina Infantry- Col. James K. Marshall (k), Lt. Col. Marcus A. Parks

40th Virginia Infantry- Capt. T. Edwin Betts (w), Capt. R. B. Davis 47th Virginia Infantry- Col. Robert M. Mayo 55th Virginia Infantry- Col. William S. Christian 22nd Virginia Infantry Battalion- Maj. John S. Bowles

5th Alabama Infantry Battalion- Maj. Albert S. Van De Graaf 13th Alabama Infantry- Col. Birkett D. Fry 1st Tennessee (Provisional Army) Infantry- Maj. Felix G. Buchanan 7th Tennessee Infantry- Lt. Col. Samuel G. Shepherd 14th Tennessee Infantry- Capt. Bruce L. Phillips

2nd Mississippi Infantry- Col. John M. Stone 11th Mississippi Infantry- Col. Francis M. Green 42nd Mississippi Infantry- Col. Hugh R. Miller (mw/c) 55th North Carolina Infantry- Col. John Kerr Connally

Donaldsville (Louisiana) Artillery- Capt. Victor Maurin) Huger (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Joseph D. Moore) Lewis (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. John W. Lewis) Norfolk Blues Light Artillery (Virginia)- Capt. Charles R. Grandy

1st South Carolina Infantry (Provisional Army)- Maj. Charles W. McCreary 1st South Carolina Rifles- Capt. William M. Hadden 12th South Carolina Infantry- Col. John L. Miller 13th South Carolina Infantry- Lt. Col. Benjamin T. Brockman 14th South Carolina Infantry- Lt. Col. Joseph N. Brown

7th North Carolina Infantry- Maj. J. McCleod Turner (w/c), Capt. James G. Harris 18th North Carolina Infantry- Col. John D. Barry 28th North Carolina Infantry- Col. Samuel D. Lowe (w), Lt. Col. W. H. A. Speer (w) 33rd North Carolina Infantry- Col. Clark M. Avery 37th North Carolina Infantry- Col. William M. Barbour

14th Georgia Infantry- Col. Robert W. Folsom 35th Georgia Infantry- Col. Bolling H. Holt 45th Georgia Infantry- Col. Thomas J. Simmons 49th Georgia Infantry- Col. Samuel T. Player

13th North Carolina Infantry- Col. Joseph H. Hyman (w), Lt. Col. Henry A. Rogers 16th North Carolina Infantry- Capt. Leroy W. Stowe 22nd North Carolina Infantry- Col. James Conner 34th North Carolina Infantry- Col. Wm. Lee J. Lowrance ; Lt. Col. George T. Gordon (w) 38th North Carolina Infantry- Col. William J. Hoke (w), Lt. Col. John Ashford

Albemarle (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. James W. Wyatt Charlotte (North Carolina) Artillery- Capt. Joseph Graham Madison (Mississippi) Light Artillery- Capt. George Ward Virginia (Warrenton) Battery- Capt. James V. Brooke

Danville (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. R. Sidney Rice Hardaway (Alabama) Artillery- Capt. William B. Hurt 2nd Rockbridge (Virginia) Artillery- Lt. Samuel Wallace Virginia (Richmond) Battery- Capt. Marmaduke Johnson

Crenshaw's (Virginia) Battery- Capt. William G. Crenshaw Fredericksburg (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Edward A. Marye Letcher (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Thomas A. Brander Pee Dee (South Carolina) Artillery- Lt. William E. Zimmerman Purcell (Virginia) Artillery- Capt. Joseph McGraw

1st North Carolina Cavalry- Col. Laurence S. Baker 1st South Carolina Cavalry- Col. John L. Black 2nd South Carolina Cavalry- Col. Matthew C. Butler Cobb's Legion (Georgia)- Col. Pierce B. M. Young Jeff Davis Legion (Mississippi)- Col. Joseph F. Waring Phillips' Legion (Georgia)- Lt. Col. Jefferson C. Phillips

1st Maryland Battalion Cavalry- Maj. Harry Gilmore, Maj. Ridgely Brown 1st Virginia Cavalry- Col. James H. Drake 2nd Virginia Cavalry- Col. Thomas T. Munford 3rd Virginia Cavalry- Col. Thomas H. Owen 4th Virginia Cavalry- Col. William Carter Wickham 5th Virginia Cavalry- Col. Thomas L. Rosser

4th North Carolina Cavalry- Col. Dennis D. Ferebee 5th North Carolina Cavalry- Col. Peter G. Evans

14th Virginia Cavalry- Maj. Benjamin F. Eakle 16th Virginia Cavalry- Col. Milton J. Ferguson 17th Virginia Cavalry- Col. William H. French 34th Virginia Battalion- Lt. Col. Vincent A. Witcher 36th Virginia Battalion- Capt. Cornelius T. Smith Jackson's (Virginia) Battery- Capt. Thomas E. Jackson

6th Virginia Cavalry- Maj. Cabel E. Flournoy 7th Virginia Cavalry- Lt. Col. Thomas Marshall 11th Virginia Cavalry- Col. Lunsford L. Lomax

2nd North Carolina Cavalry- Lt. Col. William Payne (c), Capt. William A. Graham (w), Lt. Joseph Baker 9th Virginia Cavalry- Col. Richard L. T. Beale 10th Virginia Cavalry- Col. J. Lucius Davis 13th Virginia Cavalry- Capt. Benjamin F. Winfield

Breathed's (Virginia) Battery- Capt. James Breathed Chew's (Virginia) Battery- Capt. R. Preston Chew Griffin's (Maryland) Battery- Capt. William H. Griffin Hart's (South Carolina) Battery- Capt. James F. Hart McGregor's (Virginia) Battery- Capt. William M. McGregor Moorman's (Virginia) Battery- Capt. Marcellus M. Moorman

18th Virginia Cavalry- Col. George W. Imboden) 62nd Virginia Infantry, Mounted- Col. George H. Smith Virginia Partisan Rangers- Capt. John H. McNeill Virginia (Staunton) Battery- Capt. John H. McClanahan

The battle brought devastation to the residents of Gettysburg. When the armies marched away from Gettysburg they left behind a community in shambles and over 51,000 soldiers dead, wounded, or missing. Wounded and dying were crowded into nearly every building. Every farm field or garden was a graveyard. Most of the dead lay in hastily dug and inadequate graves; some had not been buried at all. Churches, public buildings and even private homes were hospitals, filled with wounded soldiers. The Union medical staff that remained were strained to treat so many wounded scattered about the county. To meet the demand, Camp Letterman General Hospital was established east of Gettysburg where all of the wounded were eventually taken to before transport to permanent hospitals in Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. Union surgeons worked with members of the U.S Sanitary Commission and Christian Commission to treat and care for the over 20,000 injured Union and Confederate soldiers that passed through the hospital's wards, housed under large tents. By January 1864, the last patients were gone as were the surgeons, guards, nurses, tents and cookhouses. Only a temporary cemetery on the hillside remained as a testament to the courageous battle to save lives that took place at Camp Letterman.

Prominent Gettysburg residents became concerned with the poor condition of soldiers' graves scattered over the battlefield and at hospital sites, and pleaded with Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin for state support to purchase a portion of the battlefield to be set aside as a final resting place for the defenders of the Union cause. Gettysburg lawyer David Wills was appointed the state agent to coordinate the establishment of the new "Soldiers' National Cemetery", which was designed by noted landscape architect William Saunders. Removal of the Union dead to the cemetery began in the fall of 1863, but would not be completed until long after the cemetery grounds were dedicated on November 19, 1863. The dedication ceremony featured orator Edward Everett and included solemn prayers, songs, dirges to honor the men who died at Gettysburg. Yet, it was President Abraham Lincoln who provided the most notable words in his two-minute long address, eulogizing the Union soldiers buried at Gettysburg and reminding those in attendance of their sacrifice for the Union cause, that they should renew their devotion "to the cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion.."

In 1864, a group of concerned citizens established the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association whose purpose was to preserve portions of the battlefield as a memorial to the Union Army that fought here. The GBMA transferred their land holdings to the Federal government in 1895, which designated Gettysburg as a National Military Park. A Federally-appointed commission of Civil War veterans oversaw the park's development as a memorial to both armies by identifying and marking the lines of battle. Administration of the park was transferred to the Department of the Interior, National Park Service in 1933, which continues in its mission to protect, preserve and interpret the Battle of Gettysburg and the Gettysburg Address to park visitors.

Confederate troops occupied the Warfield property on the afternoon of July 2, 1863, and launched attacks against Union troops occupying the nearby Sherfy Peach orchard. Opposing artillery, less than 500 yards apart, filled the air with a storm of shot and shell.

Schematic drawings illustrate how the east (above) and south (below) elevations of the Warfield farmhouse may have looked at the time of the battle. The roof slope extended past the stone walls at the east side to form a porch. Evidence suggests that the primary entrance door at the east elevation was the only door to the house.

National Park Service preservationists are at work restoring the James Warfield home. Subsequent owners of the house made changes and additions to its size and footprint. Luckily, physical evidence of the many modifications to the house are visible to trained Park Service staff, and will allow preservation experts to stabilize and restore the home to its 1863 appearance. Restoration work will include re-establishing the original roofline and roof height; stabilizing and reconstructing sections of masonry walls; and recreating missing window and door components..

The rehabilitation of Devil’s Den addressed significant erosion and safety issues in this highly visited area of the battlefield. Devil’s Den was closed for six months. This project was necessary due to significant erosion along existing walkways and unauthorized social trails that created safety hazards. The scope of the project reestablished, preserved, and protected the features that make up this segment of the battlefield landscape. These improvements will allow visitors to better immerse themselves into the historic landscape that is essential to understanding the three-day Battle of Gettysburg.

March 21, 2022 Devil's Den closed to the public. The construction contractor has placed fencing around the site. March 30 Granite steps delivered. Concrete steps removed. April 7 Granite steps installed on west stairways. April 14 Granite steps installed on east stairways. April 21 Grading trail system. De-compact social trails. April 28 Concrete framework installation for new pathways. May 5 Pouring aggregate concrete for new pathways. May 12 Pouring aggregate concrete for new pathways. May 19 Pouring aggregate concrete for new pathways. June 16 Park and contractor working through quality control list. July 21 Park still working on boulder to sidewalk tie-in material.

Vegetation management begins. The primary goal of this phase of the project is to remove vegetation to better reflect 1863 conditions. This phase of the project will be completed in stages .

August 17 Stage 1 vegetation management concludes. September 24 National Public Lands Day : Volunteers helped us remove woody vegetation from the summit of Devil's Den in preparation to reopen the site. September 30 Devil's Den reopens to the public. Read our Press Release .

A 160-acre grassland restoration project began May 9, 2026, in areas surrounding the Pennsylvania Monument and the Eternal Light Peace Memorial of the Gettysburg National Military Park.

Gettysburg National Military Park is restoring more than 160 acres of battlefield to native eastern grasslands as part of the National Park Service’s Eastern Grasslands Initiative. These efforts focus on the areas surrounding the Pennsylvania Monument, Hancock Avenue, and the Eternal Light Peace Memorial. The goal is to maintain the open historic views and cultural landscape that shaped the 1863 battlefield while improving wildlife habitat and ecosystem resilience. This work is part of a larger national effort, with 39 National Park Service sites participating, including many other Civil War and Revolutionary War battlefields.

Before the Civil War, the Gettysburg landscape was defined by working farms, meadows, and woodlots. However, over the decades that followed the war, changes in land use and management strategies altered the battlefield’s historic appearance.The park’s 1999 General Management Plan (GMP) called for restoring areas of the battlefield to its 1863 appearance. This included reestablishing and maintaining grasslands throughout the park. This restoration work carries forward the guidance outlined in the 1999 GMP and will help visitors reconnect with this historic landscape while strengthening the resilience of these grasslands so they can thrive for generations.

Grasslands across the eastern United States are increasingly at risk. Land use changes, shifts in agricultural practices, forest encroachment, and the spread of invasive plants have caused steep declines in native meadows. As these habitats disappear, so do the wildlife species that rely on them. Many grassland birds in Pennsylvania have experienced long-term population declines and are now recognized as species of conservation concern. Among the many bird species that depend on healthy grasslands on the battlefield are:

Eastern Meadowlark ( Sturnella magna ) – A once-common sight in Pennsylvania’s farmlands, now declining due to habitat loss.

Grasshopper Sparrow ( Ammodramus savannarum ) – A sensitive species that requires large expanses of native grassland with sparse vegetation.

Bobolink ( Dolichonyx oryzivorus ) – A long-distance migrant that relies on open meadows for nesting and is increasingly threatened by habitat fragmentation.

Restoring native grasslands on the battlefield helps support these vulnerable species by providing the structure, food sources, and breeding habitat they need to survive. This project plays an important role in regional wildlife conservation while simultaneously maintaining historic battlefield views.

Eternal Light Peace Memorial : Fields north of Doubleday Avenue and to the south of the Eternal Light Peace Memorial.

Pennsylvania Monument and Hancock Avenue : Fields to the southwest of the monument, and on both sides of Hancock Avenue north of the monument.

Restoration will proceed in phases. Crews will first use targeted herbicide applications to remove existing vegetation that is currently dominated by non-native cool-season grasses. Site preparation is followed by native warm-season grass and wildflower planting. These plants take time to establish. They follow a pattern known as “sleep, creep, and leap”, characterized by slow early growth, gradual expansion, then full meadow development within three to five years. During the restoration process, managers may use mowing and selective invasive plant treatment to guide healthy plant establishment. Vegetation, bird, and insect pollinator monitoring has already begun and will continue throughout the length of the restoration process to guide management decisions and assess the effectiveness of the project.

Visitors may experience temporary trail closures during and immediately after site preparation and seeding work, or fields that appear brown or sparsely vegetated in the early project stages, both of which are normal elements of grassland restoration. As the grasslands mature, they will offer open views, abundant wildflowers, and improved opportunities for birdwatching and wildlife observation along with better habitat for the grassland birds whose populations depend on a diverse grassland ecosystem.

2026: The 160-acre grassland restoration project begins around the Pennsylvania Monument, Hancock Avenue, and the Eternal Light Peace Memorial, contributing to the broader Eastern Grasslands Initiative across 39 parks. 2026–2031: Native meadows become established through phased restoration and ongoing management. Future: Restored grasslands enhance habitat—including for declining grassland birds—while improving scenic views and battlefield interpretation for generations to come.

As these restored grasslands mature, they will strengthen wildlife habitat, support species of conservation concern, improve ecological health, and help visitors better understand the battlefield landscape of 1863. The project reflects the park’s long-term commitment to preserving both natural and historic resources. For more information about the Eastern Grassland Initiative vist: https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/eastern-grasslands-initiative.htm .

The men in uniform who served at the Battle of Gettysburg and the civilians whose lives were changed forever by this terrible event.

Stories of the people of Gettysburg who have impacted the battlefield.

Gettysburg National Military Park’s museum collection consists of approximately 1.2 million artifacts, manuscripts, and works of art.

Learn more about structures and landscape preservation projects that help preserve the past for now and generations to come.

The park manages a collection of books & records relative to the American Civil War, Gettysburg Campaign, and Gettysburg National Cemetery.

The Gettysburg Cyclorama oil painting immerses visitors in the fury of Pickett’s Charge during the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Learn more about National Park Service policy on Commemorative Works & Plaques. These policies help staff maintain battlefield monuments.

Learn more about the many United States memorials on the battlefield. These monuments are an important part of the cultural landscape.

Learn more about the many Confederate memorials on the battlefield that are an important part of the cultural landscape.

Gettysburg National Military Park is the site of the American Civil War Battle of Gettysburg, the Soldiers’ National Cemetery and the commemoration of the great battle of Civil War veterans. Significant sites on the battlefield began to be preserved almost immediately after the 1863 battle, and the park came under federal ownership in 1895. Administered by the National Park Service (NPS) since 1933, the park now incorporates a significant portion of land across which the battle, its aftermath and the commemoration occurred. The park attracts 1.8 million visitors each year and is open year-round. It offers visitors hiking trails, scenic car tours on over 40 miles of roads, and beautiful vistas overlooking the battlefield and nearby town. There are also over 1,400 monuments and 400 cannons, which dot the landscape. The park is situated in the Piedmont Province east of Appalachian Mountains in south central Pennsylvania , encompasses over 5,989 acres of land. The park is fifteen miles east of South Mountain , which rises to 2,000 feet above sea level. Within the park are gently rolling hills and valleys with elevations averaging between 500 to 580 feet above sea level. The landscape is a mosaic of mature and maturing woodlands and woodlots, agricultural fields, pasturelands and intermittent streams which provide habitat for 187 bird, 34 mammal, 17 reptile and 15 amphibian species documented to date. Floral inventories have recorded 553 species of vascular plants, of which 410 are native.

Since 1863, natural succession and human development has changed the natural appearance of the landscape and historic battlefields. While some vegetation features (thickets, woodlots and woodlands) were removed by man over the years, others were overgrown by nature, becoming dense and containing many non-native species. In addition, some historic fields, pastures, and other open areas are covered by non-historic vegetation. In 1999, the Gettysburg National Military Park General Management Plan /Environmental Impact Statement (GMP/EIS) was approved, outlining goals for rehabilitating the1863 cultural and natural features that impacted the battle. The plan includes such projects as the replanting of historic woodlots, orchards, and also the removal of non-historic vegetation. Work is also underway to re-establish original fencelines, lanes and trails, recreate historic view sheds, as well as maintain the integrity of the historic farmsteads. The management plan included an Environmental Impact Statement, which considers courses of action that would have the least amount of impact on species in the park.

Gettysburg is home to many different species of plant life. Learn more about the variety of habitats within the park.

Gettysburg National Military Park is known for it's amazing natural scenery. Read more about the natural aspect of the park.

Prescribed fires are essential to maintaining the battlefield. Learn more about the benefits of prescribed fires.

Read more about the scientific information we are gathering in order to better preserve our natural resources.

Other bird species that rely on grassland habitat for survival include many songbirds, which can by found in the park through the different seasons. With a careful ear one will be able to detect the cheerful tunes of the American robin or Yellow warbler. Also, a visitor may cross paths with such game birds as the ring-necked pheasant or wild turkey, although hunting is strictly prohibited within the park.

Within the forested canopy layers, bird species range from the gregarious Red-headed woodpecker to the inconspicuous Ruby-crowned kinglet. On forest edges visitors can observe a Red-tailed hawk or a Cooper’s hawk keeping a watchful eye on the field below for prey of the park’s large small-mammal population.

Streams in the park provide habitat to waterfowl such as ring-necked ducks and Canada geese. One may also be fortunate enough to catch sight of a majestic great blue heron walking slowly through one of the park’s streams or tributaries while hunting for fish.

Many species of endangered and threatened birds are also migrants or visitors to the park. Of significance is the recent observation of Peregrine falcon within the park. The species is endangered within Pennsylvania but its population has been slowly growing since the early 1990’s due to state reintroduction efforts.

The variety of habitats within the park ranging from forests to wetlands provides home to 553 species of vascular plants, 410 of which are native. The Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory has also listed 23 of these plants as endangered, threatened, or species of special concern.

In the forested areas of the park, the dominant overstory species documented in woodlots and woodlands are white oak, white ash, and northern red oak. A mixture of black cherry, spicebush and white ash saplings dominates the understory. Beside woody plant species there are an abundant variety of herbaceous plants and wildflowers that occupy both forested and open areas.

Open fields and field edges boast a diverse mixture of vegetation for both the visitor to observe and for wildlife to utilize as either cover or feed. Currently the park is transitioning portions of agricultural lands into warm season grasses to encourage a more diverse plant community for open-upland bird species.

Vegetation management is an important responsibility of the park’s natural resource staff. The primary goals of Natural Resource Planning at Gettysburg and Eisenhower are to (1) restore and perpetuate the battlefield as it appeared at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 and to (2) preserve resident fauna and flora that are compatible with the goal of historic accuracy. With these goals, park personnel conduct floral inventories, monitor seedling recruitment, and map vegetative cover types. Vegetation management is also a critical part of the park’s landscape rehabilitation plan.

National Park Service staff also work to combat several invasive plant species such as the multifloral rose, Japanese barberry, ailanthus, and mile-a-minute. Six weeks each year, staff with the help of the Mid-Atlantic Plant Management Team treats these exotic species by chemical methods, mechanical methods, hand pulling and sprays.

Gettysburg NMP is more than just battlefields and monuments. Its large size and variety of habitats allow many species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians to call the park home. While walking through the 1,900 acres of maturing woodlands and woodlots visitors have the potential to observe a variety of species ranging from the common white-tailed deer to the less prominent black-throated blue warbler. The 2,300 acres of pasturelands and farmlands provide an open-upland habitat. The open landscapes host many of the same species found in the forested areas, however the open fields provide a specialized niche for many birds and insects. Visitors may observe a red-winged blackbird resting on a fence post or butterflies such as the monarch and the painted lady drifting from flower to flower feeding on nectar plants. While maintaining the speed limit it is also possible to observe a red fox in the open fields.

Through studies conducted in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State University, a complete inventory of amphibian and reptile species has been documented. If patient a visitor may have the opportunity to observe a northern two-lined salamander in one of the riparian areas or a spotted turtle in the shallow areas of one of the park’s streams. Gettysburg NMP is also a home or stopover point for several federally and state-listed endangered, threatened, or candidate species. Threatened bird species such as ospreys and federally endangered bald eagles have been observed soaring in the skies over the battlefields. National Park Service staff mist netting has confirmed the presence of a candidate species of bat, Northern myotis, within the park.

Invasive plants are non-native plant species that cause harm to the environment, economy, plant, animal, or human health. Learn how to help.

With almost 2 million visitors a year, the natural resources of Gettysburg National Military Park are prone to stresses from pollution, traffic, and nearby development. It is the mission of the park "to preserve and protect the resources associated with the Battle of Gettysburg ...”. Many features park managers strive to preserve are natural features such as topography, wooded areas, thickets and wetlands; which were all present during the battle. At the time of the battle these features provided cover and concealment for attack and retreat. Today the park faces a different kind of battle. With the increased mobility of our advancing society, the park is experiencing ecological changes. Changes range from the introduction of invasive exotic plant species to the developing of lands surrounding the battlefield. Park managers are taking an active role in addressing these changes with an adaptive management strategy. As scientific research provides protocols for monitoring the parks present state, we are able to deduce areas of concern that need assistance. Using research as tools, park managers can make decisions based on sound ecological or historical facts to ensure park resources are being protected. Volunteers, local organizations, and university researchers provide additional assistance in identifying environmental concerns and making management decisions.

National Parks are widely recognized for their inspiring scenery. At Gettysburg National Military Park the visitor is offered a step back in time to 1863. A walk down a historic lane or park avenue invites the visitor to reflect on the events that occurred here and reflect on events that are occurring in their present day lives. The park’s 5,989 acres provide opportunities for both naturalist and historian to learn and reflect upon the various components of the cultural landscape.

Gettysburg National Military Park comprises a mosaic of pastoral landscapes and forested knolls, with pockets of dispersed wetland and intermittent streams. Over 2,300 acres of the park’s landscape are planted in crops, pasture, or meadows providing the visitor with a glimpse of the local agrarian lifestyle. Over 1,600 acres of woodlots and forested habitat comprise several successional communities, from mature oak/hickory to early scrub-shrub. Wetlands dot the landscape roughly totaling 148 acres of palustrine wetland and over 26 miles of associated riparian habitat. The natural landscape offers a respite to the ever increasingly busy schedule of the modern day visitor. The historic landscape is interwoven into the fabric of existing natural features, such as woodlots, wetlands and geology. These features provide visual stimulation as well as academic stimulation. Ongoing studies to understand forest regeneration in woodlots at Gettysburg has been a continuing study since 1985. Wetlands and their functional values in terms of ecological niches and filters have been important factors in rethinking the agricultural special use program. Granite rock outcroppings at Devil's Den are recognized for more than strategic positions; they are records of processes that have occurred throughout the earth's natural history.

In 1999, the Gettysburg National Military Park GMP/EIS was approved, outlining goals for rehabilitating the1863 features that impacted the battle. Components of the plan included replanting missing historic woodlots, orchards and thickets and removal of non-historic vegetation. These landscape changes were designed and proposed to aid interpretation of the battle story. In addition, the methods of landscape change where thoughtfully considered to create the least amount of impact, in context with park objectives, on species known to use the park.

Gettysburg National Military Park is home to many of the common species of mammals found in south-central Pennsylvania. Among the most common mammals found in the park, the most visible are Gray Squirrels and Red Squirrels that inhabit park trees and Eastern Chipmunks that inhabit burrows in woods and the numerous stone walls around the park. The woods also support the Southern Flying Squirrel and a variety of rodents such as the White-footed mouse and moles.

Pennsylvania is the home of eastern White-tailed Deer, a species that has flourished in the Commonwealth over the past 80 years. Hunted in state game lands and on private property outside of park boundaries, deer instinctively made the battlefield a permanent home, which resulted in extensive damage to the natural environment as well as crops and pastureland. The National Park Service has undertaken an extensive deer control program which has reduced the population of white-tailed deer within the park boundary over the past ten years. Though the population of deer has been reduced in the park, there are still many of these hearty animals that can still be observed, usually around dusk when they come out to graze in meadows and tall grass.

The most common flying mammal at Gettysburg is the Eastern Brown Bat or "Little brown myotis". Bats are an important part of the natural environment and help control the insect population. Bats are night flyers and can be spotted on park grounds in the early evening, from March through November.

The battlefield is home to many other mammals not always seen by park visitors. Among these are the Eastern Cottontail Rabbit, Opossum, Raccoon, ground hogs, and Red and Gray foxes. And like the rest of Pennsylvania, Gettysburg is home to the Striped Skunk, one of nature's mammals that one would be wise to avoid.

The North American beaver is a species native to Pennsylvania. By the end of the nineteenth century, uncontrolled trapping and habitat loss eliminated beavers in Pennsylvania and most eastern states. Today this aquatic furbearer is back and has repopulated most of its historical range.

The presence of beavers within the Plum Run riparian corridor is not new. They have inhabited this space periodically for over a decade and have expanded their range to most park waterways during that time.

In 1863, the Plum Run riparian corridor was a significant wetland serving as an obstacle to troop movements during the battle at Little Round Top. It remains a functioning wetland today and still able to be interpreted as an obstacle. The Plum Run Valley was also significant as an avenue of approach, representing low ground situated between the Round Tops and Houck’s Ridge. The topography of the site remains intact today.

When evaluating how to manage beaver activity, we consider National Park Service (NPS) policy and the park’s management goals and whether their presence interferes with our ability to achieve those goals.